A virtual learning environment (VLE) in educational technology is a web-based platform for the digital aspects of courses of study, usually within educational institutions. They present resources, activities, and interactions within a course structure and provide for the different stages of assessment. VLEs also usually report on participation and have some level of integration with other institutional systems.[1][2] In North America, VLEs are often referred to as Learning Management Systems (LMS).
For teachers and instructors who edit them, VLEs may be used as authoring and design environments.[3] VLEs have been adopted by almost all higher
